Amateur Radio Newsline(tm) Report 1907 - February 28, 2014   
      
   Amateur Radio Newsline report number 1907 with a release date of February,   
   28 2014 to follow in 5-4-3-2-1.      
      
   The following is a QST.  An Ohio town challenges the states PRB-1 like law;   
   the Sun unleashes a powerful X Class Flare; GAREC 2014 to meet in Huntsville   
   Alabama this August; the 2014 National Hurricane Conference to take place in   
   Orlando Florida and researchers try to find out if salmon follow magnetic   
   force lines.  Find out the details are on Amateur Radio Newsline(tm) report   
   number 1907 coming your way right now.   
      
      
   (Billboard Cart Here)    
      
      
   **   
      
   RADIO LAW:  OHIO TOWN TAKES STATE PRB-1 LOSS APPEAL TO HIGHER COURT   
      
   An Ohio town is appealing the States PRB-1 like law into the court system.    
   This after it lost an appeal by a ham who was given the right to put up an   
   antenna that the municipality had denied.  We have the latest from Amateur   
   Radio Newsline's Stephan Kinford, N8WB:   
      
   --   
      
   On February 4th the Village of Swanton Ohio filed a notice of appeal of its   
   intention to challenge the decision of the Fulton County Common Pleas Court   
   in the case of Gary Wodtke versus the Village of Swanton.     
      
   The legal issue began when the Village denied Gary Woodtke's tower   
   application and Wodtke, who holds the call WW8N, appealed that decision to   
   the Fulton County Common Pleas Court.  The Court ruled in favor of Wodtke   
   telling the Village that it must approve a variance to WW8N's antenna support   
   structure.  Instead the Village is now appealing that order into the Court of   
   Appeals for the Sixth District.     
      
   In its docketing statement the Village of Swanton asserts four potential   
   issues including one that questions whether Revised Code Section enacted by   
   H.B. 158, which is Ohio's version of the Federal PRB-1 statute is   
   constitutional.  It also questions whether H.B. 158 was constitutionally   
   applied in this case.    
      
   Ohio law grants a right of appeal from final decisions of a Common Pleas   
   Court.  Appellate decisions are heard by a three judge panel that is usually   
   designated near the time for oral argument.  Decisions normally take a number   
   of months after oral arguments are made.    
      
   Appellate decisions are generally final, unless further review is granted by   
   the Ohio Supreme Court.  While such a Court of Appeals decision represents   
   the law only in that appellate district, it has the ability to be used as a   
   significant precedent in other Ohio courts.  It also can be cited in cases in   
   other states that have passed similar state versions of the FCC regulations   
   that are outlined in the text of PRB-1.   
      
   Late word is that the ARRL has announced its intention to file a Friend of   
   the Court brief on behalf of Woodtke.  This is likely because of the long   
   term potential a finding against WW8N might hold by impacting on any ham   
   living anywhere in the United States.     
      
   WW8N is represented by Toledo attorney Carey Cooper and by Fred Hopengarten,   
   K1VR.  Hopengarten is considered a national authority on zoning law and   
   amateur radio antenna issues.    
      
   For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Stephen Kinford, N8WB, in Wadsworth,   
   Ohio.   
      
   --   
      
   Obviously this is one that hams nationwide will want to follow very closely.   
   (K8NAP, QRZ.com, others)    
      
   **   
      
   PROPAGATION:  SUN UNLEASHES AN X CLASS FLARE TOWARD EARTH   
      
   If you are wondering about the strange band conditions the past few days,   
   the sun may be the culprit.  According to Spaceweather sunspot AR1967   
   returned to the Earthward looking side of the of our home star on February   
   25th and promptly erupted.  This sent an X4.9-class solar flare headed our   
   way.  So far this is the strongest flare of the year and one of the strongest   
   of the current solar cycle.  We suggest that you keep an eye on   
   http://spaceweather.com for updates about solar activity and its affect on   
   radio propagation.   (Spaceweather.com)   
      
   **   
      
   HAM HAPPENINGS:  GAREC 2014 TO BE HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH 2014 HUNTSVILLE   
   HAMFEST   
      
   The 2014 Global Amateur Radio Emergency Conference will be held this year   
   just prior to the Huntsville Hamfest, in Huntsville Alabama.  The conference   
   will take place August 14th and 15th at the Embassy Suites Hotel which is   
   adjacent to the convention venue at the Von Braun Convention Center.  The   
   hamfest will immediately follow on the weekend of August 16th and 17th.     
      
   Planners of the 2014 Global Amateur Radio Emergency Conference say that all   
   emergency communication minded radio amateurs and professionals planners from   
   around the world are invited to attend.  They add that the conference agenda,   
   full information and a website are currently being developed.  More on the   
   Huntsville Hamfest is on line at hamfest.org.  (VK3PC)   
      
   **   
      
   RADIO LAW:  DARC QUESTIONS PLT MEASUREMENT STANDARDS   
      
   The German national amateur radio society the DARC is questioning the   
   measurement protocol used by the Federal Network Agency for Power Line Data   
   Transmission or PLT testing in that nation.  According to the society, it   
   appears that measurements on PLT devices are carried out partly in standby   
   mode, with no data being exchanged.  This may give the misleading impression   
   the equipment meets the emission standards.  PLT is better known here in the   
   United States as Broadband over Powerline or BPL transmission.  More on this   
   in Google translated English is on the web at tinyurl.com/q5ozmdx     
   (Southgate)   
      
   **   
      
   RADIO LAW:  DOD RELEASES ENTIRE  ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM STRATEGY   
      
   The United States Department of Defense has released its complete 2013   
   Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy.  This to increase available spectrum in   
   order to meet growing demand from the commercial wireless industry.   
      
   The release follows the release of a memorandum issued in 2010 by President   
   Obama titled Unleashing the Wireless Broadband Revolution.  In it the   
   Department of Defense is required to make available 500 MHz of spectrum for   
   commercial use by 2020.     
      
   It should be noted that a good number of amateur UHF and Microwave spectrum   
   allocations are  shared with the Department of Defense but at this point in   
   time its not known what impact, if any, the release of the required 500 MHz   
   could have on future ham radio operations.   
      
      
   You can read the entire Department of Defense Electromagnetic Spectrum   
   Strategy document on line in PDF format at   
   http://www.defense.gov/news/dodspectrumstrategy.pdf   (Various News Sources)   
      
      
   **   
      
   DX UP FRONT:  NL8F AGAIN PLANNING DOWN-UNDER OZ TOUR   
      
   In DX up-front:  NL8F has told the Ohio Penn DX Newsletter that he is   
   heading down-under to Queensland, Australia, on March 6th.  From there he   
   will travel to Frasier Island for a few days and be active as stroke VK4. He   
   will then go to Norfolk Island to be active as VK9NF if the paper work done   
   on time.  If not he will sign VK9N stroke NL8F between March 15th through to   
   the 22nd.  At airtime, he thinks his activity will be mostly on the digital   
   modes.     
      
   Next he will head to Christmas Island and be active as T32TM between March   
   25th and April 2nd, which will include his participation in the CQ World Wide   
   WPX SSB Contest from March 29th to the 30th. After his T32TM operation is   
   completed he plans on heading to Visalia, California, for the International   
   DX Convention before heading back to Alaska on April 6th.  QSL via K8NA for   
   all of the listed NL8F operations.  (OPDX)   
      
   **   
      
   DX UP FRONT:  GM0KTO TO OPERATE FROM THE GAMBIA   
      
   Meantime the GB2RS News Service says that GM0KTO and his wife will be in   
   Gambia during the month of March.  He has renewed his Gambian visitor's   
   amateur radio license and will be operating stroke C5 using an Icom IC-706 Mk   
   II and a several wire antennas for the High Frequency bands.  QSL this one as   
   directed by the operator and we will have more DX news later on in this weeks   
   newscast.   
      
   **   
      
   BREAK 1   
      
   Time for you to identify your station.  We are the Amateur Radio Newsline,   
   heard on bulletin stations around the world including the N8LC repeater   
   serving Sterling Heights, Michigan.   
      
   (5 sec pause here)   
      
      
   **   
      
   RESCUE RADIO:  NATIONAL HURRICANE CONFERENCE IN ORLANDO FLORIDA    
      
   Planning is now underway for the 2014 National Hurricane Conference slated   
   to be held April 14th to the 17th at the Orlando Hilton Hotel in Orlando,   
   Florida.  Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, is in the newsroom with the details:   
      
   --   
      
   The primary focus of this gathering is to improve preparedness, response,   
   recovery and mitigation regarding severe tropical weather.  This in order to   
   save lives and property in the United States and the tropical islands of the   
   Caribbean and Pacific.     
      
   The meeting also serves as a national forum for federal, state and local   
   officials to exchange ideas and recommend new policies to improve various   
   aspects of emergency management.  As in past conferences, there is good   
   reason to expect a strong amateur radio and A-R-E-S presence in the form of   
   workshops and discussion forums.     
      
   For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Bill Pasternak, WA6ITF, in a rather wet   
   City of Angels.   
      
   --   
      
   If you are planning to attend, registration is now open on-line at   
   tinyurl.com/hurricane-meeting-2014   (ARRL)   
      
   **   
      
   RESCUE RADIO:  HAM RADIO OPERATORS HELP OFFICIALS TRACK DOWN LOCAL DEMENTIA   
   PATIENT   
      
   Amateur radio operators in Eugene, Oregon, recently helped authorities track   
   down a man with dementia after he had wandered away from his home.  Lane   
   County sheriff's officials said that the ham radio T-hunting team used its   
   own radio direction finding gear to locate the unidentified man who was   
   wearing an electronic identification transmitter bracelet only two hours   
   after his wife had reported him missing from their home.   The names of the   
   hams involved in this rescue radio operation were not mentioned in the Oregon   
   Register-Guard news story.  More is at   
   www.registerguard.com/rg/news/31173142-75/radio-dementia-equipment-officials-t   
   rack.html.csp   (registerguard.com)   
      
   **   
      
   RESCUE RADIO:  NORTH CAROLINA HAMS RESPOND TO ICE STORM   
      
   Wilson County North Carolina Auxiliary Emergency Communications was   
   activated for the February12th severe winter weather.  This after weather   
   officials began to predict a potential crippling ice storm for the Wilson   
   County area.    
      
   A number of team members manned the radio room at the Wilson County   
   Emergency Operations Center from where they provided weather reports of   
   precipitation changes to SKYWARN operations.     
      
   Journal entry logs to the WebEOC were posted to the Internet and the Wilson   
   County Auxiliary Emergency Communications Facebook page was updated with   
   alerts and weather information.  At one point the groups social media page   
   was reaching over 700 citizens in both the county and city.     
      
   And while the potential was in place for the responders to pass traffic to   
   the Emergency Manager, thanks to changes in overall weather conditions that   
   need never arose.  (W4BRG)   
      
   **   
      
   RESCUE RADIO:  IDAHO COUNTY SENDING OUT CALL FOR HAM RADIO OPERATORS   
      
   Teton County in Idaho is encouraging more people to volunteer as emergency   
   radio operators to maintain communications in major emergencies.     
      
   The Teton Valley News quotes County Emergency Management Coordinator Greg   
   Adams, KE7SYB, as saying that in case of a disaster that knocks out cell   
   phone, landline and internet communications, ham radio is the only way to be   
   able to talk over any great distance.   
      
   But says the newspaper, right now John Kaelberer, KF7VXA, who lives south of   
   Driggs, Idaho, is, so far, the county's only volunteer radio operator.      
   Kaelberer is a retired telephone company worker and former reserve police   
   officer who moved to the valley 14 years ago.    
      
   The bottom line appears to be that Teton County needs more hams so as to be   
   ready for any emergency that might require volunteer two way radio   
   communications.  You can read the story at tinyurl.com/mv9ljbr   (Teton   
   Valley News)   
      
   **   
      
   TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW:  FCC TO PURSUE NEW NET NEUTRALITY RULES   
      
   The FCC has announced that it intends to pursue a new version of the Open   
   Internet rules that was struck down by a judge in January.  In a recent   
   statement the agency's chairman Tom Wheeler says that he will begin taking   
   public input on an updated set of net neutrality rules.    
      
   According to Wheeler the FCC will not file an appeal in the case it lost   
   against Verizon.  Instead it plans to use the authority that the court   
   granted in its decision to craft new regulations.    
      
   Wheeler says that preserving the internet as an open platform for innovation   
   and expression while providing certainty and predictability in the   
   marketplace is an important responsibility to his agency.   
      
   More is on the web at  tinyurl.com/new-net-neutrality  (The Verge ad other   
   news sources)   
      
   **   
      
   TECHNOLOGY:  WINAMP TO CONTINUE   
      
   Media player Winamp which is a very popular free program used by many hams   
   to recreate MP3 files is not be dead after all.  This after America Online   
   offers up some more detail on the fate of both Winamp and Shoutcast that it   
   owns   
      
   As previously reported AOL had originally planned to shut down both services   
   but then halted that pending a possible sale.  Word is that both of these   
   properties have now been acquired by Radionomy which is an international   
   collective of online radio stations headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.   
      
   Radionomy has some 6,000 stations in its catalog already, with an emphasis   
   on a do-it-yourself platform that anyone can use to create a channel.     
   Shoutcast's 50,000-strong catalog of radio stations will be a major boost on   
   that front.  Winamp's media playing software will likely help program and   
   distribute those radio stations and offer additional services.  (Tech.eu,   
   TechSpot.com, others)   
      
   **   
      
   PUBLIC RELATIONS:  TX FACTOR TV PROGRAM COMES TO THE WEB   
      
   The United Kingdom's first television show dedicated entirely to amateur   
   radio was launched on the Internet just after midnight UTC on Friday 21st   
   February.  The half-hour show is produced by a group of broadcast   
   professionals who are themselves radio amateurs.     
      
   Shot in full High Definition, episode one features Bob McCreadie, G0FGX,   
   exploring the Marconi Centre, at Poldhu in Cornwall.  Nick Bennett 2EZ0FGQ   
   takes a hike up a mountain to discover the delights of Summits on the Air   
   operation.  Finally Mike Marsh G1IAR takes the audience to meet the Norman   
   Lockyer Observatory Radio Group to find out what makes a 2 meter repeater tick   
      
   Over the coming months and years the show hopes to explore all aspects of   
   our fascinating hobby and is free to watch at txfactor.co.uk.  Just click on   
   the word "here" under "Watch Episode 1 Now."  (GB2RS, TX Factor)   
      
   **   
      
   HAM HAPPENINGS:  PALM SPRINGS HAMFEST MARCH 15   
      
   The 2014 Palm Springs Hamfest is slated for March 15th at the Palm Springs   
   Pavilion in Palm Springs California.  This one-day event will again be hosted   
   by the Desert Radio Amateur Transmitting Society better known as the Desert   
   Rats.  Rehab Radio founder April Moell, WA6OPS and Ham Nation co-host Gordon   
   West, WB6NOA, will be the featured speakers.  There will also be   
   demonstrations dealing with Amateur Television, microwave communications as   
   well hunts T-hunts and much more.  Further information on this event is on   
   the web at palmspringshamfest.com.  (Palm Springs Hamfest)   
      
   **   
      
   HAM HAPPENINGS: ORAC NY SPRING HAMFEST LOCATION CORRECTION   
      
   And a quick correction to the locality for the April 27th Orange County New   
   York Amateur Radio Club hamfest.  It seems that last week we mis-identified   
   the town where it's to be held.  The correct venue is the Wallkill Community   
   Center in Middletown, New York with the event running from 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.   
   local time.  Our thanks to Tom Ray, W2TRR, who is the clubs Vice President   
   for his e-mail pointing this out.  More information on this event is on the   
   web at tinyurl.com/ocarc-hamfest.  (W2TRR)   
      
   **   
      
   NAMES IN THE NEWS:  SARL APPOINTS A YOUTH ACTIVITY COORDINATOR   
      
   Some names in the news.  First comes word that Mitchel Mynhardt, ZS6YH, as   
   it's new youth coordinator the South African Radio League.  Mynhardt has been   
   a radio amateur since his teen years and has been active on both local and   
   international competitions. He has served the East Rand Radio Club as youth   
   coordinator and was for the past six years also involved with Jamboree on the   
   Air activities.  (SARL)   
      
   **   
      
   NAMES IN THE NEWS:  GOULD SMITH, WA4SXM STEPS DOWN FROM AMSAT BOARD   
      
   G. Gould Smith, WA4SXM, has resigned as a member of the AMSAT Board of   
   Directors member as well as his position as Vice President of User Services.    
   Smith notified AMSAT President Barry Baines, WD4ASW of his decision via an   
   e-mail.  In it he said in part that it was with deep regret that he must   
   resign his AMSAT positions.     
      
   In reporting Smith's decision to step down, AMSAT noted that WA4SXM had   
   persevered despite chronic health issues, but recent severe medical issues   
   have precluded him from active participation in AMSAT for some time.     
      
   Under the organizations By-Laws, the position of an AMSAT board member who   
   resigns is filled by the First Alternate elected in the prior election.  In   
   this case JoAnne Maenpaa, K9JWM, will be Smith's replacement on the Board.    
   The position of Vice President of User Services is currently open.  (AMSAT)   
      
   **   
      
   BREAK 2   
      
   This is ham radio news for today's radio amateur.  We are the Amateur Radio   
   Newsline with links to the world from our only official website at   
   www.arnewsline.org and being relayed by the volunteer services of the   
   following radio amateur:   
      
   (5 sec pause here)   
      
   **   
      
   EMERGING TECHNOLOGY:  VARIABILITY OF THE SUN AND ITS TERRESTRIAL IMPACT   
      
   A major university is joining in the ongoing research to better understand   
   the workings of our home star as we hear from Amateur Radio Newsline's Jim   
   Davis, W2JKD:   
      
   --   
      
   Montana State University will be a major player in a new international   
   program to better understand solar activity and its effect on the Earth.   
      
   MSU solar physicist Piet Martens is one of the leaders of a team that will   
   investigate a solar paradox, extreme solar events and solar dynamo activity.    
   One of the other two co-chairs is Dibyendu Nandi, a former M-S-U researcher   
   who continues to collaborate with the university's Solar Physics Group.  He   
   is now Dean of Science at the Indian Institute of Education and Research in   
   Kolkata, India.   
      
   The new five-year program titled Variability of the Sun and its Terrestrial   
   Impact was launched Jannuary13th by the Scientific Committee on Solar   
   Terrestrial Physics and will among other things involve reports radioed to   
   the observers and researchers here on Earth.   
      
   Im Jim Davis, W2JKD   
      
   --   
      
   More is at tinyurl.com/llzrtow  (Bozeman Daily)   
      
   **   
      
   HAM RADIO IN SPACE:  2014 CUBESAT DEVELOPERS' WORKSHOP REGISTRATION NOW OPEN   
      
   The 11th Annual CubeSat Developers' Workshop will be held April 23rd to the   
   25th at the California State Polytechnic University at San Luis Obispo in the   
   Advanced Technology Laboratories Presentation Room.  There, members of the   
   CubeSat Community will gather with policy makers, government agency   
   representatives, distinguished scientists, and leading academicians from all   
   over the world for an educational and hopefully thought provoking session   
   with the theme of The Edge of Exploration.     
      
   The Cal Poly CubeSat Group is inviting authors to present papers in all   
   areas pertaining to the topics of CubeSat development and mission research.    
   So far papers have been submitted for the topics of Education and Design   
   Philosophy;  University Missions;  Science Missions; Launch Capabilities;   
   Enabling Technologies for  Subsystems, Payloads and Deployables plus one on   
   Communication and Power.     
      
   For more information on submitting your paper please contact the event   
   sponsors by e-mail to cubesat (dot) workshop (at) gmail (dot) com.  (ANS)   
      
   **   
      
   ON THE AIR:  WORLD HERITAGE SITES AWARD FROM ITALY   
      
   The Italian National Society has created a new award to celebrate sites   
   declared as holding World Heritage status by the United Nations Educational,   
   Scientific and Cultural Organization better known by the acronym UNESCO.    
   World Heritage Sites are located in 160 countries all over the world. The   
   information and rules about the award is at www.whsa.info.  A complete list   
   of World Heritage Sites is at tinyurl.com/unesco-heritage-list  (GB2RS)   
      
   **   
      
   ON THE AIR:  TESLA MEMORIAL HF CW CONTEST MARCH 8 - 9   
      
   The 2014 Tesla Memorial Contest will be held March 8th starting 18:00 UTC   
   and ending at 8:00 UTC on the 9th.  The competition is open to operators   
   world-wide.  Participants must use CW only on the 80 meter band.  Points are   
   awarded for distance between stations.  For full details are at   
   tinyurl.com/tesla-memorial  (IRTS)   
      
   **   
      
   ON THE AIR:  ST. PATRICK DAY SPECIAL EVENT STATION GB1SPD   
      
   March 17th is Saint Patrick's Day and not only will it be celebrated   
   world-wide but also on the ham radio bands.  This with word that Irelands   
   West Tyrone Amateur Radio Club will be putting special event station GB1SPD   
   on the air from the Strule Arts Centre in Omagh in the County of Tyrone some   
   70 miles from the city of Belfast.  GB1SPD will be operating on HF, VHF, UHF   
   and Digital Modes.  A special QSL card will be sent to all who make contract.   
   (Southgate)   
      
   **   
      
   DX NEWS   
      
   In DX, G3XAQ will return to Uganda to operate as 5X1XA until March 16th.    
   His activity will be CW only.  QSL via G3SWH.    
      
   DK1AX and DK1MA will hold a holiday-style operation from Tonga through March   
   7. They plan to use the call A35AX for a few days from Tongatapu and from   
   their main location on Vava'u running CW, SSB and RTTY.  QSL only via OQRS.   
      
   K1LI should be on the air from Dominica as J7Y through March 10th.  His   
   plans included entry into the ARRL DX SSB Contest. QSL via his home call.   
      
   WW2DX, W2RE and N2EIN should be active as VP2EZZ from Anguilla on 80 through   
   6 meters.  Modes and times of operation were not announced but there is the   
   possibility of them including 160 meters in this operation.  QSL via N2IEN.   
      
   DS4DRE will be operational stroke 4 on a long term activation of Taehuksan   
   Island.  He will be there through the remainder of 2014 operating 80 through   
   10 meters using SSB and CW. QSL via DS4DRE.   
      
   YB8XM plans to activate Sanana Island sometime from the end of February   
   through the beginning of April.  No other information was provided.  QSL via   
   YB8XM    
      
   Lastly, the ARRL's Bill Moore, NC1L reports that the recently concluded   
   FT5ZM Amsterdam and St. Paul Island operation has been approved for DXCC   
   credit.   
      
   (Above from various DX news sources)     
      
   **   
      
   THAT FINAL ITEM:  DO SALMON TRAVEL MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE   
      
   And finally this week a possible answer to the question of how young salmon   
   with no migratory experience somehow voyage through ocean waters to wind up   
   at specific feeding grounds that are hundreds or even thousands of miles away   
   from where they were hatched?  It turns out that they may be following   
   magnetic lines of force.   Amateur Radio Newsline's Heather Embee, KB3TZD,   
   may have the answer:   
      
   --   
      
   Researchers have long suspected that many animals that travel great   
   distances to wind up at particular spots visited by their ancestors may be   
   able to sense the Earth's magnetic fields.  The ability has since been found   
   in a variety of creatures including certain migratory birds.  Even more   
   remarkable is that many animals seem to use it to navigate with no previous   
   experience, like the Chinook salmon.     
      
   To figure out whether this species of salmon are also born with this   
   ability, a research team lead by Oregon State University tested the abilities   
   of young Chinook salmon that were less than 1 year old and hadn't yet started   
   their seaward journey.  To accomplish this, the researchers placed young fish   
   in barrels surrounded with coils of wire and exposed them to a simulation of   
   the northern magnetic field.  In response, the salmon turned south-southwest.   
   Conversely, when they exposed them to a simulation of the southern magnetic   
   field, the salmon turned north-northeast.     
      
   So as to make certain their results were correct, the researchers then   
   subjected the salmon to a northern intensity with a southern inclination   
   field and a southern intensity with the northern inclination field.  In both   
   cases the salmon chose no particular direction.  The scientists theorize that   
   this was the result of the latter aspect of the experiment not fitting   
   anywhere in the salmon's internal magnetic map.   
      
   For the Amateur Radio Newsline, I'm Heather Embee, KB3TZD, in Berwick,   
   Pennsylvania.   
      
   --   
      
   The researcher's findings were published in a recent edition of the Journal   
   Current Biology.  More is on line at   
   tinyurl.com/salmon-follow-magnetic-fields   (The Guardian, Journal of   
   Biology)    
      
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