SB PROP @ ARL $ARLP001   
   ARLP001 Propagation de K7RA   
      
   ZCZC AP01   
   QST de W1AW     
   Propagation Forecast Bulletin 1  ARLP001   
   From Tad Cook, K7RA   
   Seattle, WA  January 4, 2013   
   To all radio amateurs    
      
   SB PROP ARL ARLP001   
   ARLP001 Propagation de K7RA   
      
   The New Year brings dreams of solar cycles of old, so distant now,   
   sweetly remembered for their profusion of sunspots. We hear many   
   times from operators who began in the amateur radio service as   
   teenagers at the peak of Cycle 19. With youthful optimism, they   
   naturally assumed that radio propagation would always be like that,   
   when a few watts and a modest radiator on 10 meters spanned the   
   globe during all the days and nights.   
      
   If you were age 13 to 17 in 1957 to 1959, the peak of Cycle 19,   
   perhaps you were born between 1941 and 1945, and probably looked   
   forward to the next peak in activity. That may have been a   
   disappointment when Cycle 20 peaked around 1969, as that had a   
   somewhat broader peak but at a far lower level. You can see it   
   graphically at http://wm7d.net/hamradio/solar/historical.shtml.   
   These young adults, now 24 to 28 years old in 1969, might be busy   
   starting families and careers, and no doubt fondly recalling simpler   
   times and the tremendous propagation of their younger years.   
      
   Cycle 21 peaked around 1980, and the former teenaged ham of Cycle 19   
   was now 35 to 39 years old. This was quite an improvement over the   
   last cycle, as was Cycle 22, which looked like an echo of Cycle 21.   
   Cycle 22 peaked around 1991-1992, with a more pronounced   
   double-peak. The former teenager was now 47 to 51 years old, solidly   
   into middle-age, and still wondering if sunspot activity would ever   
   roar back to the levels of the late-1950s.   
      
   The following cycle, number 23, was another double-peak, but   
   significantly lower in 2000 to 2002 than the previous cycle. Perhaps   
   another disappointment for the now 56 to 60 year old ham, who then   
   sees solar activity slide into a long and low minimum over the next   
   decade, impossible to imagine 60 years earlier. The 160 meter   
   operators, quite happy in this situation with a much quieter Sun,   
   have no such longing for the active Sun of yesteryear.   
      
   Now the young ham of the late 1950s contemplates the peak of Cycle   
   24, apparently much lower than any seen in most of the past century,   
   and expected to grow to maximum this year. Now we have many more   
   tools to observe and measure both solar activity and propagation,   
   and we know that activity could still increase significantly. Some   
   foresee decades of lower activity, but of course predicting future   
   solar activity is a very tricky proposition, and anything could   
   happen.   
      
   At   
   http://www.solen.info/solar/images/comparison_recent_cycles.png   
   you can see a comparison of recent cycles, from 21 to the current   
   24.   
      
   While we've seen a number of papers and predictions for a series of   
   quieter sunspot cycles, some disagree. For instance, Michael   
   Proctor, professor of Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics at Cambridge   
   University is not convinced. He was quoted this year as saying,   
   "This present cycle is similar to the weak one that ended in 1913,   
   and that was followed by a strong cycle."   
      
   Those were Cycles 14 and 15, and Cycle 15 was only strong relative   
   to 14. Cycles 17, 18 and 19 were stronger than 15, and so were 21,   
   22 and 23.   
      
   It is also important to remember there is wild variability in solar   
   activity. To make those graphs of sunspot numbers appear smooth,   
   each point on the graph actually represents an average of a year of   
   data. When averaged, the flurry of solar activity at the end of 2011   
   and some future activity in 2013 could appear as a broad peak on a   
   graph.   
      
   NASA looks frequently at their predictions for the current cycle,   
   and often adjusts them every month. The latest shows a smoothed   
   sunspot number a bit lower than the forecast from several weeks ago.   
   In the December 10 forecast they predicted a smoothed sunspot number   
   of 72 in the late in 2013, but that number is now 69 in the January   
   2 release. Note these are the lower international sunspot numbers,   
   which are always less than Boulder numbers presented in this   
   bulletin. Read the report at   
   http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/predict.shtml.   
      
   With the change from 2012 to 2013, now is a good time to review   
   sunspot numbers and trends. Average daily sunspot numbers in 2013   
   were up substantially from 2012. From 2004 through 2012 the yearly   
   progression was 68.6, 48.9, 26.1, 12.8, 4.7, 5.1, 25.5, 29.9 and   
   82.3. I took all the daily sunspot numbers for 2012, added them   
   together, and the sum was 30,133. Divide that by 366 (the number of   
   days in 2012, a leap year) and the result is approximately 82.3. In   
   2011 it was 10,913 divided by 365, yielding 29.9.   
      
   The 2012 average was higher than any year after 2003. But at the   
   peak of Cycle 23, the averages from 1998 to 2003 were all higher:   
   88.7, 136.3, 173, 170.3, 176.7, and 109.2. It seems unlikely that   
   average daily sunspot numbers this year will reach anywhere near the   
   level of 2000-2002.   
      
   We observe a moving 3-month average of sunspot numbers, in an   
   attempt to smooth out some of the variations. Unfortunately, the   
   past three months were much lower then the three month period ending   
   one month earlier. The current average of 74.4, centered on November   
   2012, is lower than any three month period since averages centered   
   on February and March of 2012.   
      
   The 3 month period previous to the current one is centered on   
   October 2012, and covers September through November. The average   
   then was 82.3. To recap averages from previous bulletins, the   
   three-month moving averages of daily sunspot numbers centered on   
   July 2011 through November 2012 were 63, 79.6, 98.6, 118.8, 118.6,   
   110, 83.3, 73.7, 71.2, 87.3, 91.5, 96.5, 91.9, 89.9, 81.2, 82.3, and   
   74.4.   
      
   Looking at the past week, yesterday we saw a sizable gain in solar   
   flux, when the value went from 106.7, 113.6, 117.8, and 119 to   
   128.8, on December 30 through January 3. NOAA and USAF predict solar   
   flux at 130 on January 4-6, 125 and 120 on January 7-8, 115 on   
   January 9-10, 110 on January 11, 105 on January 12-13, 110 on   
   January 14-17, 115 on January 18-20, and 120 on January 21-23.   
      
   Predicted planetary A index is 5 on January 4-12, 10 on January 13,   
   5 on January 14-25 and 8 on January 26.   
      
   F.K. Janda, OK1HH issues a weekly geomagnetic forecast. This week he   
   says geomagnetic conditions will be quiet January 4, quiet to active   
   January 5, mostly quite January 6, quiet January 7-9, quiet to   
   unsettled January 10-12, active to disturbed January 13, quiet to   
   unsettled January 14-16, quiet January 17-19, mostly quiet January   
   20-21, and quiet on January 22-26.   
      
   If you would like to make a comment or have a tip for our readers,   
   email the author at, k7ra@arrl.net.   
      
   For more information concerning radio propagation, see the ARRL   
   Technical Information Service web page at   
   http://arrl.org/propagation-of-rf-signals. For an explanation of the   
   numbers used in this bulletin, see   
   http://arrl.org/the-sun-the-earth-the-ionosphere. An archive of past   
   propagation bulletins is at   
   http://arrl.org/w1aw-bulletins-archive-propagation. Find more good   
   information and tutorials on propagation at   
   http://myplace.frontier.com/~k9la/.   
      
   Monthly propagation charts between four USA regions and twelve   
   overseas locations are at http://arrl.org/propagation.   
      
   Instructions for starting or ending email distribution of ARRL   
   bulletins are at http://arrl.org/bulletins.   
      
   Sunspot numbers for December 27 through January 2 were 78, 54, 49,   
   37, 87, 99, and 90, with a mean of 70.6. 10.7 cm flux was 106.8,   
   105.8, 104.3, 106.7, 113.6, 117.8, and 119, with a mean of 110.6.   
   Estimated planetary A indices were 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, and 3, with a   
   mean of 2.3. Estimated mid-latitude A indices were 0, 2, 3, 4, 1, 1,   
   and 2, with a mean of 1.9.   
   NNNN   
   /EX   
      
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