716.0_2e3435e1@fidonet.org>   
   From: alexander koryagin    
      
   Hi, Ardith Hinton!   
   I read your message from 24.01.2014 23:56   
      
     ak>> [Shouting loudly is enjoyable.] Here "shouting" is a gerund; it is   
     ak>> modified by the adverb "loudly," like the verb "shout".   
      
     AH> It seems to me that both the participle & the gerund are regarded   
     AH> as verbs on some level, and are therefore modified by adverbs or   
     AH> adverb phrases:   
      
       Probably, it is not a very good rule. I guess, it is better to note   
   that "shouting" serves as a noun and the subject of the sentence. That's   
   why it is a gerund.   
      
     AH> I like eating cakes after dinner.   
       Eating is the object of a noun phrase. So it is a gerund, too.   
      
     AH> Cruising slowly down the Volga in calm weather sounds enjoyable.   
       "Cruising slowly down the Volga" is the subject of the sentence,   
   therefore "Cruising" is a gerund.   
      
     AH> Struggling valiantly to climb the fence, he hurt his knee.   
       "Struggling valiantly..." serves as a descriptive addition to the   
   event "he hurt his knee", so "struggling" is a Present Participle.   
      
     AH> I heard him noisily slurping his soup.   
       "noisily slurping his soup" is a descriptive addition. Therefore   
   "slurping" is a Present Participle.   
      
       Well, there is a new term to tell the Present Participle from the   
   Gerund - "descriptive addition to Subject & predicate". ;-)   
      
   Bye, Ardith!   
   Alexander Koryagin   
   fido7.english-tutor 2014   
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