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   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    Warmer ocean temperatures increase risk of salmon bycatch in Pacific   
   hake fishery    
      
     Date:   
         July 12, 2023   
     Source:   
         Oregon State University   
     Summary:   
         Rates of Chinook salmon bycatch in the Pacific hake fishery rise   
         during years when ocean temperatures are warmer, a signal that   
         climate change and increased frequency of marine heatwaves could   
         lead to higher bycatch rates, new research indicates.   
      
      
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   Rates of Chinook salmon bycatch in the Pacific hake fishery rise during   
   years when ocean temperatures are warmer, a signal that climate change   
   and increased frequency of marine heatwaves could lead to higher bycatch   
   rates, new research indicates.   
      
   During years when sea surface temperatures were higher, including during   
   a marine heatwave, Chinook salmon were more likely to overlap with the   
   Pacific hake and raise the risk of bycatch as they sought refuge from   
   higher temperatures.   
      
   The findings, based on 20 years of bycatch data and ocean temperature   
   records, provide new insight into the ecological mechanisms that underlie   
   bycatch, which is the incidental capture of a non-targeted species,   
   said the study's lead author, Megan Sabal.   
      
   "The impact of ocean warming on bycatch has potential cultural, economic   
   and ecological consequences, as the hake and salmon fisheries are each   
   worth millions of dollars and salmon are critical to both Indigenous   
   tribes' cultural heritage and healthy ecosystems," said Sabal, who worked   
   on the project as a postdoctoral scholar at Oregon State University.   
      
   Pacific hake, also known as Pacific whiting, is the largest commercial   
   fishery by tonnage on the U.S. West Coast. The rate is low but bycatch   
   remains a concern for the Chinook salmon population, said Michael Banks,   
   a marine fisheries genomics, conservation and behavior professor at   
   Oregon State University and a co-author of the study.   
      
   "The hake fishing industry is very sensitive to the impacts of bycatch   
   on salmon and has been diligent in reducing it, but changing climate   
   conditions might become an increasing issue," he said.   
      
   The research was just published in the journal Fish and Fisheries.   
      
   Pacific hake school in midwater depths off the West Coast from southern   
   Baja California to the Gulf of Alaska. Hake is commonly used in surimi,   
   a type of minced fish used to make imitation crab.   
      
   Most hake fishing occurs at depths of 200 to 300 meters and Chinook salmon   
   typically occupy more shallow depths. If changing water temperature   
   affects salmon distribution, that could increase salmon bycatch, the   
   researchers noted.   
      
   "Developing a mechanistic understanding of how environmental conditions   
   might impact bycatch can help us prepare for the future and think about   
   how to adapt current strategies to keep up with a changing world,"   
   said co-author Kate Richerson of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric   
   Administration's Northwest Fisheries Science Center Newport Research   
   Station.   
      
   To better understand the impacts of changing ocean conditions, the   
   researchers tapped into 20 years of data collected through NOAA's At-Sea   
   Hake Observer Program. Observers are placed aboard hake catcher-processor   
   vessels and motherships that receive catch to process and record   
   information about fishing depth and location, species composition   
   and more.   
      
   Sabal and her coauthors modeled observer data and genetic stock   
   identification to show salmon moving lower into the water column during   
   higher temperatures.   
      
   "These behavioral changes can provide important information for   
   researchers and can also inform creative conservation solutions,"   
   Sabal said.   
      
   The researchers also found that limiting night fishing, a common   
   mitigation strategy to reduce bycatch, will likely become less effective   
   when sea surface temperatures are warmer near the surface.   
      
   The findings suggest that new strategies may be needed to continue   
   mitigating bycatch in the hake fishery, Banks said. As technology   
   improves, fishermen and fishery managers might be able to forecast bycatch   
   impacts based on real-time ocean condition information and make adaptive   
   management decisions about fishing strategy based on those conditions.   
      
   "As the oceans and the world are changing, the conflict between the   
   two fisheries is showing up in new ways," he said, "and we may need to   
   shift strategies based on this understanding."  Banks is affiliated with   
   OSU's Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences in the   
   College of Agricultural Sciences and the Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment   
   Station at Hatfield Marine Science Center. Sabal was affiliated with   
   the Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Resources Studies   
   and the Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station while working on the   
   project and now works for the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife as   
   a quantitative fisheries scientist.   
      
   Additional coauthors are Taal Levi of OSU's College of Agricultural   
   Sciences and Paul Moran and Vanessa Tuttle at NOAA's Northwest Fisheries   
   Science Center in Seattle.   
      
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   Story Source: Materials provided by Oregon_State_University. Original   
   written by Michelle Klampe. Note: Content may be edited for style   
   and length.   
      
      
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   Journal Reference:   
      1. Megan C. Sabal, Kate Richerson, Paul Moran, Taal Levi, Vanessa   
      J. Tuttle,   
         Michael Banks. Warm oceans exacerbate Chinook salmon bycatch in   
         the Pacific hake fishery driven by thermal and diel depth‐use   
         behaviours. Fish and Fisheries, 2023; DOI: 10.1111/faf.12775   
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   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230712124601.htm   
      
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