MSGID: 1:317/3 64ae2c68   
   PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    The science behind skipping stones    
    Researchers uncover dynamics of buoyant spheres and the formation of   
   horizontal air cavities at the air-water interface    
      
     Date:   
         July 11, 2023   
     Source:   
         American Institute of Physics   
     Summary:   
         An interdisciplinary team presents a study of the dynamics of   
         buoyant spheres at the air-water interface. Their work reveals   
         complex hydrodynamics involved in forming horizontal air cavities   
         and the transition between floating and skipping. One of the   
         team's key findings is that as the pulling force and speed of the   
         spheres increase, their behavior becomes more irregular. They also   
         discovered larger pulling angles result in different air-cavity   
         lengths, larger skipping distances, and earlier water exit behavior.   
      
      
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   Inspired by the need to safeguard marine animals and promote sustainable   
   solutions within marine environments, an interdisciplinary team of   
   researchers from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology   
   in Saudi Arabia and Sofia University in Bulgaria are delving into the   
   hydrodynamics of buoyant objects at the air-water interface.   
      
   By studying these dynamics, their goal is to expand the understanding   
   of fluid hydrodynamics and complex surface interactions -- and advance   
   fields such as the design and performance of marine engineering systems,   
   buoy systems, and underwater vehicles.   
      
   In Physics of Fluids, from AIP Publishing, the team presents a study of   
   the dynamics of buoyant spheres (think skipping stones) at the air-water   
   interface.   
      
   Their work revealed complex hydrodynamics involved in forming horizontal   
   air cavities and the transition between floating and skipping.   
      
   The study of fluidics and physics within the context of buoyancy involves   
   several key principles: buoyancy, hydrodynamics, fluid resistance,   
   and a Reynolds number.   
      
   Buoyancy refers to the upward force exerted on an object immersed within   
   a fluid, while hydrodynamics focuses on the motion of the fluid and its   
   interactions with solid objects.   
      
   Fluid resistance, or drag, occurs when an object moving through a fluid   
   experiences resistance due to the friction between its surface and   
   the fluid.   
      
   This resistance depends on factors such as an object's shape, size,   
   speed, and fluid properties.   
      
   To further analyze fluid behavior, scientists use a dimensionless   
   parameter, a Reynolds number, to determine the type of flow around   
   an object.   
      
   One of the team's key findings is that as the pulling force and speed of   
   the spheres increase, their behavior becomes more irregular. "The spheres   
   exhibit oscillatory motions, diving into the water, rising toward and   
   piercing the water surface, and attaching underwater air cavities in a   
   horizontal direction," said co-author Farrukh Kamoliddinov of KAUST.   
      
   They also discovered larger pulling angles result in different air-cavity   
   lengths, larger skipping distances, and earlier water exit behavior --   
   meaning that the pulling angle plays a significant role in shaping the   
   hydrodynamics of the buoyant spheres.   
      
   And the cavity maintains a steady horizontal motion at a constant   
   velocity over a certain distance. The air cavity formation exhibits   
   distinct features, including an inverted wing shape and a turbulent   
   wake behind it. This steady and controlled horizontal motion of the   
   cavity provides insight into complex fluid dynamics and opens the door   
   to further exploration and applications.   
      
   "Understanding buoyant sphere dynamics and cavity formation can inspire   
   new designs and innovations in fields beyond marine engineering," said   
   Kamoliddinov. "It can potentially lead to new novel propulsion systems,   
   drag reduction strategies, fluidic propulsion systems, and fluidic   
   devices that harness the characteristics of buoyant spheres."   
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   Source: Materials provided by American_Institute_of_Physics. Note:   
   Content may be edited for style and length.   
      
      
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   Journal Reference:   
      1. Farrukh Kamoliddinov, Ivan U. Vakarelski, Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen,   
      Tadd T.   
      
         Truscott. Skipping under water: Buoyant sphere hydrodynamics at   
         the air- water interface. Physics of Fluids, 2023; 35 (7) DOI:   
         10.1063/5.0153610   
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   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230711133104.htm   
      
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