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   PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    AI nursing ethics: Viability of robots and artificial intelligence in   
   nursing practice    
    While robots and artificial intelligence have the potential to act as   
   nurses, it raises several ethical concerns    
      
     Date:   
         July 10, 2023   
     Source:   
         Tokyo University of Science   
     Summary:   
         Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are expected to play a key   
         role in nursing practice in the future. In this regard, researchers   
         from Japan ask whether intelligent machines can replace humans as   
         nurses. They investigate the potential of current advancements   
         in robotics and AI to replicate the ethical concepts attributed   
         to nurses, including advocacy, accountability, cooperation,   
         and caring. While these technologies hold promise in enhancing   
         healthcare practices, their integration into nursing requires   
         careful consideration.   
      
      
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   The recent progress in the field of robotics and artificial   
   intelligence (AI) promises a future where these technologies would   
   play a more prominent role in society. Current developments, such   
   as the introduction of autonomous vehicles, the ability to generate   
   original artwork, and the creation of chatbots capable of engaging in   
   human-like conversations, highlight the immense possibilities held by   
   these technologies. While these advancements offer numerous benefits,   
   they also pose some fundamental questions. The characteristics such   
   as creativity, communication, critical thinking, and learning --   
   once considered to be unique to humans -- are now being replicated by   
   AI. So, can intelligent machines be considered 'human'?  In a step toward   
   answering this question, Associate Professor Tomohide Ibuki from Tokyo   
   University of Science, in collaboration with medical ethics researcher   
   Dr. Eisuke Nakazawa from The University of Tokyo and nursing researcher   
   Dr. Ai Ibuki from Kyoritsu Women's University, recently explored whether   
   robots and AI can be entrusted with nursing, a highly humane practice.   
      
   Their work was made available online on 12 June 2023 and published in   
   the journal Nursing Ethics on 12 June 2023.   
      
   "This study in applied ethics examines whether robotics, human   
   engineering, and human intelligence technologies can and should replace   
   humans in nursing tasks," says Dr. Ibuki.   
      
   Nurses demonstrate empathy and establish meaningful connections with   
   their patients. This human touch is essential in fostering a sense of   
   understanding, trust, and emotional support. The researchers examined   
   whether the current advancements in robotics and AI can implement these   
   human qualities by replicating the ethical concepts attributed to human   
   nurses, including advocacy, accountability, cooperation, and caring.   
      
   Advocacy in nursing involves speaking on behalf of patients to ensure   
   that they receive the best possible medical care. This encompasses   
   safeguarding patients from medical errors, providing treatment   
   information, acknowledging the preferences of a patient, and acting   
   as mediators between the hospital and the patient. In this regard,   
   the researchers noted that while AI can inform patients about medical   
   errors and present treatment options, they questioned its ability to   
   truly understand and empathize with patients' values and to effectively   
   navigate human relationships as mediators.   
      
   The researchers also expressed concerns about holding robots accountable   
   for their actions. They suggested the development of explainable AI,   
   which would provide insights into the decision-making process of AI   
   systems, improving accountability.   
      
   The study further highlights that nurses are required to collaborate   
   effectively with their colleagues and other healthcare professionals   
   to ensure the best possible care for patients. As humans rely on   
   visual cues to build trust and establish relationships, unfamiliarity   
   with robots might lead to suboptimal interactions. Recognizing this   
   issue, the researchers emphasized the importance of conducting further   
   investigations to determine the appropriate appearance of robots for   
   facilitating efficient cooperation with human medical staff.   
      
   Lastly, while robots and AI have the potential to understand a patient's   
   emotions and provide appropriate care, the patient must also be willing   
   to accept robots as care providers.   
      
   Having considered the above four ethical concepts in nursing, the   
   researchers acknowledge that while robots may not fully replace human   
   nurses anytime soon, they do not dismiss the possibility. While robots and   
   AI can potentially reduce the shortage of nurses and improve treatment   
   outcomes for patients, their deployment requires careful weighing of   
   the ethical implications and impact on nursing practice.   
      
   "While the present analysis does not preclude the possibility of   
   implementing the ethical concepts of nursing in robots and AI in the   
   future, it points out that there are several ethical questions. Further   
   research could not only help solve them but also lead to new discoveries   
   in ethics," concludes Dr. Ibuki.   
      
   Here's hoping for such novel applications of robotics and AI to emerge   
   soon!   
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   Source: Materials provided by Tokyo_University_of_Science. Note: Content   
   may be edited for style and length.   
      
      
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   Journal Reference:   
      1. Tomohide Ibuki, Ai Ibuki, Eisuke Nakazawa. Possibilities and ethical   
         issues of entrusting nursing tasks to robots and artificial   
         intelligence.   
      
         Nursing Ethics, 2023; DOI: 10.1177/09697330221149094   
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   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230710113848.htm   
      
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