MSGID: 1:317/3 64a6439f   
   PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    Webb locates dust reservoirs in two supernovae    
      
     Date:   
         July 5, 2023   
     Source:   
         NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center   
     Summary:   
         Researchers have made major strides in confirming the source of   
         dust in early galaxies. Observations of two Type II supernovae,   
         Supernova 2004et (SN 2004et) and Supernova 2017eaw (SN 2017eaw),   
         have revealed large amounts of dust within the ejecta of each of   
         these objects. The mass found by researchers supports the theory   
         that supernovae played a key role in supplying dust to the early   
         universe.   
      
      
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   Researchers using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope have made major   
   strides in confirming the source of dust in early galaxies. Observations   
   of two Type II supernovae, Supernova 2004et (SN 2004et) and Supernova   
   2017eaw (SN 2017eaw), have revealed large amounts of dust within the   
   ejecta of each of these objects.   
      
   The mass found by researchers supports the theory that supernovae played   
   a key role in supplying dust to the early universe.   
      
   Dust is a building block for many things in our universe -- planets in   
   particular. As dust from dying stars spreads through space, it carries   
   essential elements to help give birth to the next generation of stars   
   and their planets. Where that dust comes from has puzzled astronomers   
   for decades. One significant source of cosmic dust could be supernovae   
   -- after the dying star explodes, its leftover gas expands and cools to   
   create dust.   
      
   "Direct evidence of this phenomenon has been slim up to this point,   
   with our capabilities only allowing us to study the dust population in   
   one relatively nearby supernova to date -- Supernova 1987A, 170,000   
   light-years away from Earth," said lead author Melissa Shahbandeh of   
   Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute in   
   Baltimore, Maryland. "When the gas cools enough to form dust, that dust   
   is only detectable at mid-infrared wavelengths provided you have enough   
   sensitivity."  For supernovae more distant than SN 1987A like SN 2004et   
   and SN 2017eaw, both in NGC 6946 about 22 million light-years away,   
   that combination of wavelength coverage and exquisite sensitivity can   
   only be obtained with Webb's MIRI (Mid- Infrared Instrument).   
      
   The Webb observations are the first breakthrough in the study of dust   
   production from supernovae since the detection of newly formed dust in   
   SN 1987A with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)   
   telescope nearly a decade ago.   
      
   Another particularly intriguing result of their study isn't just the   
   detection of dust, but the amount of dust detected at this early stage   
   in the supernova's life. In SN 2004et, the researchers found more than   
   5,000 Earth masses of dust.   
      
   "When you look at the calculation of how much dust we're seeing in SN   
   2004et especially, it rivals the measurements in SN 1987A, and it's   
   only a fraction of the age," added program lead Ori Fox of the Space   
   Telescope Science Institute.   
      
   "It's the highest dust mass detected in supernovae since SN 1987A."   
   Observations have shown astronomers that young, distant galaxies are   
   full of dust, but these galaxies are not old enough for intermediate mass   
   stars, like the Sun, to have supplied the dust as they age. More massive,   
   short-lived stars could have died soon enough and in large enough numbers   
   to create that much dust.   
      
   While astronomers have confirmed that supernovae produce dust, the   
   question has lingered about how much of that dust can survive the   
   internal shocks reverberating in the aftermath of the explosion. Seeing   
   this amount of dust at this stage in the lifetimes of SN 2004et and SN   
   2017eaw suggests that dust can survive the shockwave -- evidence that   
   supernovae really are important dust factories after all.   
      
   Researchers also note that the current estimations of the mass may be the   
   tip of the iceberg. While Webb has allowed researchers to measure dust   
   cooler than ever before, there may be undetected, colder dust radiating   
   even farther into the electromagnetic spectrum that remains obscured by   
   the outermost layers of dust.   
      
   The researchers emphasized that the new findings are also just a hint at   
   newfound research capabilities into supernovae and their dust production   
   using Webb, and what that can tell us about the stars from which they   
   came.   
      
   "There's a growing excitement to understand what this dust also implies   
   about the core of the star that exploded," Fox said. "After looking   
   at these particular findings, I think our fellow researchers are going   
   to be thinking of innovative ways to work with these dusty supernovae   
   in the future."  SN 2004et and SN2017eaw are the first of five targets   
   included in this program.   
      
   The observations were completed as part of Webb General Observer   
   program 2666.   
      
   The paper was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical   
   Society on July 5.   
      
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   Related Multimedia:   
       * Images_showing_large_amounts_of_dust_within_Supernova_2004et_and   
         Supernova_2017eaw   
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   Journal Reference:   
      1. Melissa Shahbandeh, Arkaprabha Sarangi, Tea Temim, Tama's Szalai,   
      Ori D   
         Fox, Samaporn Tinyanont, Eli Dwek, Luc Dessart, Alexei V Filippenko,   
         Thomas G Brink, Ryan J Foley, Jacob Jencson, Justin Pierel,   
         Szanna Zsi'ros, Armin Rest, WeiKang Zheng, Jennifer Andrews,   
         Geoffrey C Clayton, Kishalay De, Michael Engesser, Suvi Gezari,   
         Sebastian Gomez, Shireen Gonzaga, Joel Johansson, Mansi Kasliwal,   
         Ryan Lau, Ilse De Looze, Anthony Marston, Dan Milisavljevic,   
         Richard O'Steen, Matthew Siebert, Michael Skrutskie, Nathan Smith,   
         Lou Strolger, Schuyler D Van Dyk, Qinan Wang, Brian Williams,   
         Robert Williams, Lin Xiao, Yi Yang. JWST observations of dust   
         reservoirs in type IIP supernovae 2004et and 2017eaw. Monthly   
         Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2023; 523 (4): 6048 DOI:   
         10.1093/mnras/stad1681   
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   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230705143005.htm   
      
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