MSGID: 1:317/3 647ac1fa   
   PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    Eventually everything will evaporate, not only black holes    
      
     Date:   
         June 2, 2023   
     Source:   
         Radboud University Nijmegen   
     Summary:   
         New theoretical research has shown that Stephen Hawking was likely   
         right about black holes, although not completely. Due to Hawking   
         radiation, black holes will eventually evaporate, but the event   
         horizon is not as crucial as had been believed. Gravity and the   
         curvature of spacetime cause this radiation too. This means that   
         all large objects in the universe, like the remnants of stars,   
         will eventually evaporate.   
      
      
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   FULL STORY   
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   New theoretical research by Michael Wondrak, Walter van Suijlekom   
   and Heino Falcke of Radboud University has shown that Stephen Hawking   
   was right about black holes, although not completely. Due to Hawking   
   radiation, black holes will eventually evaporate, but the event horizon   
   is not as crucial as had been believed. Gravity and the curvature of   
   spacetime cause this radiation too. This means that all large objects   
   in the universe, like the remnants of stars, will eventually evaporate.   
      
   Using a clever combination of quantum physics and Einstein's theory   
   of gravity, Stephen Hawking argued that the spontaneous creation and   
   annihilation of pairs of particles must occur near the event horizon (the   
   point beyond which there is no escape from the gravitational force of a   
   black hole). A particle and its anti-particle are created very briefly   
   from the quantum field, after which they immediately annihilate. But   
   sometimes a particle falls into the black hole, and then the other   
   particle can escape: Hawking radiation. According to Hawking, this would   
   eventually result in the evaporation of black holes.   
      
   Spiral In this new study the researchers at Radboud University revisited   
   this process and investigated whether or not the presence of an event   
   horizon is indeed crucial. They combined techniques from physics,   
   astronomy and mathematics to examine what happens if such pairs of   
   particles are created in the surroundings of black holes. The study showed   
   that new particles can also be created far beyond this horizon. Michael   
   Wondrak: 'We demonstrate that, in addition to the well-known Hawking   
   radiation, there is also a new form of radiation.'  Everything evaporates   
   Van Suijlekom: 'We show that far beyond a black hole the curvature   
   of spacetime plays a big role in creating radiation. The particles   
   are already separated there by the tidal forces of the gravitational   
   field.' Whereas it was previously thought that no radiation was possible   
   without the event horizon, this study shows that this horizon is not   
   necessary.   
      
   Falcke: 'That means that objects without an event horizon, such as   
   the remnants of dead stars and other large objects in the universe,   
   also have this sort of radiation. And, after a very long period, that   
   would lead to everything in the universe eventually evaporating, just   
   like black holes. This changes not only our understanding of Hawking   
   radiation but also our view of the universe and its future.'  The study   
   was published on 2 June in the journal Physical Review Letters of the   
   American Physical Society (APS). Michael Wondrak is excellence fellow   
   at Radboud University and an expert in quantum field theory. Walter van   
   Suijlekom is a Professor of Mathematics at Radboud University and works   
   on the mathematical formulation of physics problems. Heino Falcke is an   
   award-winning Professor of Radio Astronomy and Astroparticle Physics at   
   Radboud University and known for his work on predicting and making the   
   first picture of a black hole.   
      
       * RELATED_TOPICS   
             o Space_&_Time   
                   # Black_Holes # Cosmic_Rays # Astrophysics # Astronomy #   
                   Galaxies # Sun # Stars # Big_Bang   
       * RELATED_TERMS   
             o Stephen_Hawking o Black_hole o Gravitational_wave o   
             General_relativity o Holographic_Universe o Black_body o   
             Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation o Astronomy   
      
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   Story Source: Materials provided by Radboud_University_Nijmegen. Note:   
   Content may be edited for style and length.   
      
      
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   Journal Reference:   
      1. Michael F. Wondrak, Walter D. van Suijlekom, Heino   
      Falcke. Gravitational   
         Pair Production and Black Hole Evaporation. Submitted to Physical   
         Review Letters, 2023 DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2305.18521   
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   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/06/230602115051.htm   
      
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