MSGID: 1:317/3 63e476e7   
   PID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
   TID: hpt/lnx 1.9.0-cur 2019-01-08   
    Exact magma locations may improve volcanic eruption forecasts    
      
     Date:   
         February 8, 2023   
     Source:   
         Cornell University   
     Summary:   
         Cornell University researchers have unearthed precise, microscopic   
         clues to where magma is stored, offering a way to better assess   
         the risk of volcanic eruptions.   
      
      
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   FULL STORY   
   ==========================================================================   
   Cornell University researchers have unearthed precise, microscopic clues   
   to where magma is stored, offering a way to better assess the risk of   
   volcanic eruptions.   
      
      
   ==========================================================================   
   In recent years, scientists have used satellite imagery, earthquake   
   data and GPS to search for ground deformation near active volcanoes, but   
   those techniques can be inaccurate in locating the depth of magma storage.   
      
   By finding microscopic, carbon dioxide-rich fluids encased in cooled   
   volcanic crystals, scientists can accurately determine -- within one   
   hundred meters - - where magma is located.   
      
   "A fundamental question is where magma is stored in Earth's crust and   
   mantle," said Esteban Gazel, professor of engineering and lead author   
   of the study, published in Science Advances. "That location matters   
   because you can gauge the risk of an eruption by pinpointing the specific   
   location of magma, instead of other signals like hydrothermal system of   
   a volcano."  Gazel notes that speed and precision are essential. "We're   
   demonstrating the enormous potential of this improved technique in terms   
   of its rapidity and unprecedented accuracy," he said. "We can produce   
   data within days of the samples arriving from a site, which provides   
   better, near real-time results."  In volcanic events, magma reaches the   
   Earth's surface, and it erupts as lava and -- depending on how much gas   
   it contains -- could be explosive in nature.   
      
   When deposited as part of the fallout of the eruption, fragmented   
   fine-grained material -- called tephra -- can be collected and evaluated.   
      
   Gazel and doctoral student Kyle Dayton deduced how to use inclusions of   
   carbon dioxide-rich fluids trapped within olivine crystals to precisely   
   indicate depth, as the carbon dioxide density of these inclusions is   
   controlled by pressure.   
      
   These fluids can be measured quickly using an instrument to determine   
   -- in terms of kilometers -- how far down the magma was stored and the   
   depth of the scorching reservoir.   
      
   Gazel and Dayton joined a small, elite team of international researchers   
   to study the Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma in the Canary Islands. Gazel   
   and Dayton picked through tephra to find crystals, which in turn provide   
   data to improve eruption models and forecasts.   
      
       * RELATED_TOPICS   
             o Earth_&_Climate   
                   # Volcanoes # Natural_Disasters # Geology # Earthquakes #   
                   Weather # Global_Warming # Air_Quality # Climate   
       * RELATED_TERMS   
             o Caldera o Stratovolcano o Volcanic_ash o Volcanic_rock o   
             Supervolcano o Decade_Volcanoes o Igneous_rock o Tsunami   
      
   ==========================================================================   
   Story Source: Materials provided by Cornell_University. Original written   
   by Blaine Friedlander, courtesy of the Cornell Chronicle. Note: Content   
   may be edited for style and length.   
      
      
   ==========================================================================   
   Journal Reference:   
      1. Kyle Dayton, Esteban Gazel, Penny Wieser, Valentin R. Troll,   
      Juan Carlos   
         Carracedo, Hector La Madrid, Diana C. Roman, Jamison Ward,   
         Meritxell Aulinas, Harri Geiger, Frances M. Deegan, Guillem Gisbert,   
         Francisco J.   
      
         Perez-Torrado. Deep magma storage during the 2021 La Palma eruption.   
      
         Science Advances, 2023; 9 (6) DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7641   
   ==========================================================================   
      
   Link to news story:   
   https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230208191727.htm   
      
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