Deep Ocean Detected Inside Saturn's Moon   
       
   April 3, 2014:  NASA's Cassini spacecraft and Deep Space Network have   
   uncovered evidence that Saturn's moon Enceladus harbors a large underground   
   ocean, furthering scientific interest in the moon as a potential home to   
   extraterrestrial microbes.   
       
   Researchers theorized the presence of an interior reservoir of liquid water in   
   2005 when Cassini discovered water vapor and ice spewing from vents near the   
   moon's south pole. New data on the moon's gravity field reported in the April   
   4, 2014, edition of the journal Science strengthen the case for an ocean   
   hidden inside Enceladus.   
       
   The gravity measurements suggest a large, possibly regional, ocean about 6   
   miles (10 kilometers) deep, beneath an ice shell about 19 to 25 miles (30 to   
   40 kilometers) thick. The subsurface ocean evidence supports the inclusion of   
   Enceladus among the most likely places in our solar system to host microbial   
   life. Before Cassini reached Saturn in July 2004, no version of that short   
   list included this icy moon, barely 300 miles (500 kilometers) in diameter.   
       
   http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/cassini/enceladus-pia18071/#.Uz3Sa1dnCWc   
       
   This diagram illustrates the possible interior of Saturn's moon Enceladus   
   based on a gravity investigation by NASA's Cassini spacecraft and NASA's Deep   
   Space Network, reported in April 2014.   
       
   "The way we deduce gravity variations is a concept in physics called the   
   Doppler Effect, the same principle used with a speed-measuring radar gun,"   
   says Sami Asmar of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif.,   
   a coauthor of the paper. "As the spacecraft flies by Enceladus, its velocity   
   is perturbed by an amount that depends on variations in the gravity field that   
   we're trying to measure. We see the change in velocity as a change in radio   
   frequency, received at our ground stations here all the way across the solar   
   system."   
       
   "This provides one possible story to explain why water is gushing out of these   
   fractures we see at the south pole," adds David Stevenson of the California   
   Institute of Technology, Pasadena, one of the paper's co-authors.   
       
   Cassini has flown near Enceladus 19 times. Three flybys, from 2010 to 2012,   
   yielded precise trajectory measurements. The gravitational tug of a planetary   
   body, such as Enceladus, alters a spacecraft's flight path. Variations in the   
   gravity field, such as those caused by mountains on the surface or differences   
   in underground composition, can be detected as changes in the spacecraft's   
   velocity, measured from Earth.   
       
   The technique of analyzing a radio signal between Cassini and the Deep Space   
   Network can detect changes in velocity as small as less than one foot per hour   
   (90 microns per second). With this precision, the flyby data yielded evidence   
   of a zone inside the southern end of the moon with higher density than other   
   portions of the interior.   
       
   http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091124.html   
       
   Watery jets erupting from locations near the south pole of Enceladus.     
   The south pole area has a surface depression that causes a dip in the local   
   tug of gravity. However, the magnitude of the dip is less than expected given   
   the size of the depression, leading researchers to conclude the depression's   
   effect is partially offset by a high-density feature in the region, beneath   
   the surface.   
       
   "The Cassini gravity measurements show a negative gravity anomaly at the south   
   pole that however is not as large as expected from the deep depression   
   detected by the onboard camera," says the paper's lead author, Luciano Iess of   
   Sapienza University of Rome. "Hence the conclusion that there must be a denser   
   material at depth that compensates the missing mass: very likely liquid water,   
   which is seven percent denser than ice. The magnitude of the anomaly gave us   
   the size of the water reservoir."   
       
   There is no certainty the subsurface ocean supplies the water plume spraying   
   out of surface fractures near the south pole of Enceladus, however, scientists   
   reason it is a real possibility. The fractures may lead down to a part of the   
   moon that is tidally heated by the moon's repeated flexing, as it follows an   
   eccentric orbit around Saturn.   
       
   Much of the excitement about the Cassini mission's discovery of the Enceladus   
   water plume stems from the possibility that it originates from a wet   
   environment that could be a favorable environment for microbial life.   
       
   "Material from Enceladus' south polar jets contains salty water and organic   
   molecules, the basic chemical ingredients for life," says Linda Spilker,   
   Cassini's project scientist at JPL. "Their discovery expanded our view of the   
   'habitable zone' within our solar system and in planetary systems of other   
   stars. This new validation that an ocean of water underlies the jets furthers   
   understanding about this intriguing environment."   
       
   Credits:   
   Production editor: Dr. Tony Phillips | Credit: Science@NASA   
       
   More information:   
       
   The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European   
   Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL manages the mission for NASA's   
   Science Mission Directorate in Washington.   
       
   For more information about Cassini, visit  http://www.nasa.gov/cassini   
       
       
   Regards,   
       
   Roger   
      
   --- D'Bridge 3.99   
    * Origin: NCS BBS - Houma, LoUiSiAna (1:3828/7)